14 - Modeling Real Engine Flow and Combustion Processes

14.1 Purpose and Classification of Models
14.2 Governing Equations for Open Thermodynamics System

• 14.2.1 Conservation of Mass
• 14.2.2 Conservation of Energy

14.3 Intake and Exhaust Flow Models

• 14.3.1 Background
• 14.3.2 Quasi-Steady Flow Models
• 14.3.3 Filling and Emptying Methods
• 14.3.4 Gas Dynamics Models

14.4 Thermodynamics-Based In-Cylinder Models

• 14.4.1 Background and Overall Model Structure 
• 14.4.2 Spark-Ignition Engine Models
• 14.4.3 Direct-Injection Engine Models
• 14.4.4 Prechamber Engine Models
• 14.4.5 Multicylinder and Complex Engine System Models
• 14.4.6 Second Law Analysis of Engine Processes

14.5 Fluid-Mechanic-Based Multidimensional Equations

• 14.5.1 Basic Approach and Governing Equations
• 14.5.2 Turbulence Models
• 14.5.3 Numerical Methodology
• 14.5.4 Flow Field Predictions
• 14.5.5 Fuel Spray Modeling
• 14.5.6 Combustion Modeling

15 - Engine Operating Characteristics

15.1 Engine Performance Parameters
15.2 Indicted and Brake Power and MEP
15.3 Operating Variables That Affect SI Engine Performance, Efficiency, and Emissions

• 15.3.1 Spark Timing
• 15.3.2 Mixture Composition
• 15.3.3 Load and Speed
• 15.3.4 Compression Ratio

15.4 SI Engine Combustion Chamber Design

• 15.4.1 Design Objective and Options
• 15.4.2 Factors That Control Combustion
• 15.4.3 Factors That Control Performance
• 15.4.4 Chamber Octane Requirement 
• 15.4.5 Chamber Optimization Strategy

15.5 Variables That Affect CI Engine Performance, Efficiency, and Emissions

• 15.5.1 Load and Speed 
• 15.5.2 Fuel-Injection
• 15.5.3 Air Swirl and Bowl-in-Piston Design

15.6 Supercharged and Turbocharged Engine Performance

• 15.6.1 Four-Stroke Cycle SI Engines
• 15.6.2 Four-Stroke Cycle CI Engines
• 15.6.3 Two-Stroke Cycle SI Engines
• 15.6.4 Two-Stroke Cycle CI Engines

The Physics of : Engine Cylinder-Bank Angles

Why the angle between banks is critical to a smooth-running engine ?

As Ferrari, Lamborghini, Aston Martin, and Rolls Royce that all use V-12 engine.
Why did American favor to implement V-8 engine on the Chevrolet Corvette ?