11 - Pollutant Formation and Control

11.1 Nature and Extent of Problem
11.2 Nitrogen Oxides

• 11.2.1 Kinetics of NO Formation
• 11.2.2 Formation of NO2
• 11.2.3 NO Formation in Spark-Ignition Engines
• 11.2.4 NOx Formation in Compression-Ignition Engines

11.3 Carbon Monoxide
11.4 Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions

• 11.4.1 Background 
• 11.4.2 Flame Quenching and Oxidation Fundamentals
• 11.4.3 HC Emissions from Spark-Ignition Engines
• 11.4.4 Hydrocarbon Emission Mechanisms in Diesel Engines

11.5 Particular Emissions

• 11.5.1 Spark-Ignition Engine Particulates
• 11.5.2 Characteristics of Diesel Particulates
• 11.5.3 Particulate Distribution within the Cylinder
• 11.5.4 Shoot Formation Fundamentals
• 11.5.5 Shoot Oxidation
• 11.5.6 Adsorption and Condensation

11.6 Exhaust Gas Treatment

• 11.6.1 Available Options
• 11.6.2 Catalytic Converters
• 11.6.3 Thermal Reactors
• 11.6.4 Particulate Traps

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