Tuesday, October 30, 2012

0 - Contents


A Rolls-Royce engineer works on a V2500/85 jet engine. Graham Barclays.

Brief Contents :

Part 1 : Fundamentals of Materials : Their Behavior and Manufacturing Properties

1 - The Structure of Metals
2 - Mechanical Behavior
3 - Physical Properties of Materials
4 - Metal Alloys : Their Structure and Strengthening by Heat Treatment
5 - Ferrous Metals and Alloys : Production, General Properties and Applications
6 - Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys : Production, General Properties, and Applications
7- Polymers : Structure, General Properties, and Applications
8 - Ceramic, Graphite, Diamond : Structure, General Properties, and Applications
9 - Composites Materials : Structure, General Properties, and Applications

Part 2 : Metal-Casting Processes and Equipment

10 - Fundamentals of Metal Casting
11 - Metal-Casting Processes and Equipment
12 - Metal Casting : Design, Materials, and Economics

Part 3 : Forming and Shaping Processes and Equipment

13 - Metal-Rolling Processes and Equipment
14 - Metal-Forging Processes and Equipment
15 - metal Extrusion and Drawing Processes and Equipment
16 - Sheet-Metal Forming Processes and Equipment
17 - Powder-Metal Processing and Equipment
18 - Ceramics, Glasses, and Superconductors : Processing and Equipment
19 - Plastics and Composite Materials : Forming and Shaping
20 - Rapid-Prototyping Processes and Operation

Part 4 : Machining Processes and Machine Tools

21 - Fundamentals of Machining
22 - Cutting-Tool Materials and Cutting Fluids
23 - Machining Processes : Turning and Hole Making
24 - Machining Processes : Milling, Broaching, Sawing, Filing, and Gear Manufacturing
25 - Machining Centers, Machine-Tool Structure, and Machining Economics
26 - Abrasive Machining and Finishing Operations
27 - Advanced Machining Processes

Part 5 : Micro-manufacturing and Fabrication of Microelectronic Devices

28 - Fabrication of Microelectronics Devices
29 - Fabrication of Microelectromechanical Devices and Systems and Nanoscale
        Manufacturing

Part 6 : Joining Processes and Equipment

30 - Fushion-Welding Processes
31 - Solid-State Welding Processes
32 - Brazing, Soldering, Adhesive-Bonding, and Mechanical-Fastening Processes

Part 7 : Surface Technology 

33 - Surface Roughness and Measurement; Friction, Wear, and Lubrication
34 - Surface Treatments, Coatings, and Cleaning 

Part 8 : Engineering Metrology Instrumentation, and Quality Assurance

35 : Engineering Metrology and Instrumentation
36 : Quality Assurance, Testing, and Inspection

Part 9 : Manufacturing in a Competitive Environment

37 - Automation of Manufacturing Processes
38 - Computer-Aided Manufacturing
39 - Computer-Integrated Manufacturing Systems
40 - Product Design and Process Selection in a Competitive Environment

Contents :

Part 1 : Fundamentals of Materials : Their Behavior and
            Manufacturing Properties

1 - The Structure of Metals

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Atomic Bonds
1.3 The Crystal Structure of Metals
1.4 Deformation and Strength of Single Crystals
1.5 Grains and Grain Boundaries
1.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals
1.7 Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth
1.8 Cold, Warm, and Hot Working

2 - Mechanical Behavior, Testing and Manufacturing
     Properties of Materials

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Tension
2.3 Compression
2.4 Torsion
2.5 Bending
2.6 Hardness
2.7 Fatigue
2.8 Creep
2.9 Impact
2.10 Failure and Fracture of Materials in Manufacturing and in Service
2.11 Residual Stresses
2.12 Work, Heat, and Temperature

3 - Physical Properties of Materials

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Density
3.3 Melting Point
3.4 Specific Heat
3.5 Thermal Conductivity
3.6 Thermal Expansion
3.7 Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties
3.8 Corrosion Resistance

4 - Metal Alloys : Their Structure and Strengthening by
     Heat Treatment

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structure of Alloys
4.3 Phase Diagrams
4.4 The Iron-Carbon System
4.5 The Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram and the Development of Microcstructure in Steels
4.6 Cast Irons
4.7 Heat Treatment of Ferrous Alloys
4.8 Hardenability of Ferrous Alloys
4.9 Heat Treatment of Nonferrous Alloys and of Stainless Steels
4.10 Case Hardening
4.11 Annealling
4.12 Heat-Treating Furnaces and Equipment
4.13 Design Considerations for Heat Treatment

5 - Ferrous Metals and Alloys : Production, General

     Properties and Applications

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Production of Iron and Steel
5.3 Casting of Ingots
5.4 Continuous Casting
5.5 Carbon and Alloy Steels
5.6 Stainless Steels
5.7 Tool and Die Steels

6 - Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys : Production, General
     Properties, and Applications

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
6.3 Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys
6.4 Copper and Copper Alloys
6.5 Nickle and Nickle Alloys
6.6 Super-alloys
6.7 Titanium and Titanium Alloys
6.8 Refractory Metals and Alloys
6.9 Beryllium
6.10 Zirconium
6.11 Low-melting Alloys
6.12 Precious Metals
6.13 Shape-Memory Alloys
6.14 Amorphous Alloys
6.15 Nano-materials

7- Polymers : Structure, General Properties, and
    Applications

7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Structure of Polymers
7.3 Thermoplastics
7.4 Thermosetting Plastics
7.5 Additives in Plastics
7.6 General Properties and Applications of Thermoplastics
7.7 General Properties and Applications of Thermosetting Plastics
7.8 Biodegradable Plastics
7.9 Elastomers (Rubbers)

8 - Ceramic, Graphite, Diamond : Structure, General
     Properties, and Applications

8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Structure of Ceramics
8.3 General Properties and Applications of Ceramics
8.4 Glasses
8.5 Glass Ceramics
8.6 Graphite
8.7 Diamond

9 - Composites Materials : Structure, General Properties,
     and Applications

9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Structures of Reinforced Plastics
9.3 Properties of Reinforced Plastics
9.4 Applications of Reinforced Plastics
9.5 Metal-Matrix Composites
9.6 Ceramic-Matrix Composites
9.7 Other Composites

Part 2 : Metal-Casting Processes and Equipment

10 - Fundamentals of Metal Casting

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Solidification of Metals
10.3 Fluid Flow
10.4 Fluidity of Molten Metal
10.5 Heat Transfer

11 - Metal-Casting Processes and Equipment

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Expendable-Mold, Permanent-Pattern casting Processes
11.3 Expendable-Mold, Expendable-Pattern Casting Processes
11.4 Permanent-Mold Casting Processes
11.5 Casting Techniques for Single-Crystal Components
11.6 Rapid Solidification
11.7 Inspection of Castings
11.8 Melting Practice and Furnaces
11.9 Foundries and Foundry Automation

12 - Metal Casting : Design, Materials, and Economics

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Design Considerations in Casting
12.3 Casting Alloy
12.4 Economics of Casting

Part 3 : Forming and Shaping Processes and Equipment

13 - Metal-Rolling Processes and Equipment

13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Flat-Rolling Process
13.3 Flat-Rolling Practice
13.4 Rolling Mills
13.5 Various Rolling Processes and Mills

14 - Metal-Forging Processes and Equipment

14.1 Introduction
14.2 Open-Die Forging
14.3 Impression-Die and Closed-Die Forging
14.4 Various Forging Operations
14.5 Forgeability of Metals; Forging Defects
14.6 Die Design, Die Materials, and Lubrication
14.7 Die-Manufacturing Methods and Die Failures
14.8 Forging Machines
14.9 Economics of Forging

15 - Metal Extrusion and Drawing Processes and
       Equipment

15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Extrusion Process
15.3 Hot Extrusion
15.4 Cold Extrusion
15.5 Extrusion Defects
15.6 Extrusion Equipment
15.7 The Drawing Process
15.8 Drawing Practice
15.9 Drawing Defects and Residual Stresses
15.10 Drawing Equipment

16 - Sheet-Metal Forming Processes and Equipment

16.1 Introduction
16.2 Shearing
16.3 Sheet-Metal Characteristics and Formability
16.4 Formability Tests for Sheet Metals
16.5 Bendings Sheets, Plates, and Tubes
16.6 Miscellaneous Bending and Related Operations
16.7 Deep Drawing
16.8 Rubber Forming and Hydroforming
16.9 Spinning
16.10 Superplastic Forming
16.11 Specialized Forming Processes
16.12 Manufacturing of Metal Honeycomb Structures
16.13 Design Considerations in Sheet-Metal Forming
16.14 Equipment for Sheet-Metal Forming
16.15 Economics of Sheet-Forming Operations

17 - Powder-Metal Processing and Equipment

17.1 Introduction
17.2 Production of Metal Powders
17.3 Compaction of Metal Powders
17.4 Sintering
17.5 Secondary and Finishing Operations
17.6 Design Considerations
17.7 Process Capabilities
17.8 Economics of Powder Metallurgy

18 - Ceramics, Glasses, and Superconductors :
       Processing and Equipment

18.1 Introduction
18.2 Shaping Ceramics
18.3 Forming and Shaping of Glass
18.4 Techniques for Strengthening and Annealing Glass
18.5 Design Considerations for Ceramics and Classes
18.6 Processing of Superconductors

19 - Plastics and Composite Materials : Forming and
       Shaping

19.1 Introduction
19.2 Extrusion
19.3 Injection Molding
19.4 Blow Molding
19.5 Rotational Molding
19.6 Thermoforming
19.7 Compression Molding
19.8 Transfer Molding
19.9 Casting
19.10 Foam Molding
19.11 Cold Forming and Solid-Phase Forming
19.12 Processing Elastomers
19.13 Processing Polymer-Matrix Composites
19.14 Processing Metal-Matrix and Ceramic-Matrix Composites
19.15 Design Considerations
19.16 Economics of Processing Plastics and Composites Materials

20 - Rapid-Prototyping Processes and Operation

20.1 Introduction
20.2 Subtractive Processes
20.3 Additive Processes
20.4 Virtual Prototyping
20.5 Direct Manufacturing and Rapid Tooling

Part 4 : Machining Processes and Machine Tools

21 - Fundamentals of Machining

21.1 Introduction
21.2 Mechanics of Cutting
21.3 Cutting Forces and Power
21.4 Temperatures in Cutting
21.5 Tool Life : Wear and Failure
21.6 Surface Finish and Integrity
21.7 Machinability

22 - Cutting-Tool Materials and Cutting Fluids

22.1 Introduction
22.2 High-Speed Steels
22.3 Cast-Cobalt Alloys
22.4 Carbides
22.5 Coated Tools
22.6 Alumina-Based Ceramics
22.7 Cubic Boron Nitride
22.8 Silicon-Nitride Based Ceramics
22.9 Diamond
22.10 Whisker-reinforced Materials and Nano-materials
22.11 Tool Costs and Reconditioning of Tools
22.12 Cutting Fluids

23 - Machining Processes : Turning and Hole Making

23.1 Introduction
23.2 The Turning Process
23.3 Lathes and Lathes Operations
23.4 Boring and Boring Machines
23.5 Drilling, Drills, and Drilling Machines
23.6 Reaming and Reamers
23.7 Tapping and Taps

24 - Machining Processes : Milling, Broaching, Sawing,
       Filing, and Gear Manufacturing

24.1 Introduction
24.2 Milling and Milling Machines
24.3 Planing and Shaping
24.4 Broaching and Broaching Machines
24.5 Sawing
24.6 Filing
24.7 Gear Manufacturing by Machining

25 - Machining Centers, Machine-Tool Structure, and
       Machining Economics

25.1 Introduction
25.2 Machining Centers
25.3 Machine-Tool Structures
25.4 Vibration and Chatter in Machining Operations
25.5 High-Speed Machining
25.6 Hard Machining
25.7 Ultraprecision Machining
25.8 Machining Economics

26 - Abrasive Machining and Finishing Operations

26.1 Introduction
26.2 Abrasives and Bonded Abrasives
26.3 The Grinding Process
26.4 Grinding Operation and Machines
26.5 Design Considerations for Grinding
26.6 Ultrasonic Machining
26.7 Finishing Operations
26.8 Deburring Operations
26.9 Economics of Abrasive Machining and Finishing Operations

27 - Advanced Machining Processes

27.1 Introduction
27.2 Chemical Machining
27.3 Electrochemical Machining
27.4 Electrochemical Grinding
27.5 Electrical-Discharge Machining
27.6 Laser-Beam Machining
27.7 Electron-Beam Machining
27.8 Water-Jet Machining
27.9 Abrasive-Jet Machining
27.10 Hybrid Machining Systems
27.11 Economics of Advanced Machining Processes

Part 5 : Micro-manufacturing and Fabrication of
            Microelectronic Devices

28 - Fabrication of Microelectronics Devices

28.1 Introduction
28.2 Clean Rooms
28.3 Semiconductors and Silicon
28.4 Crystal Growing and Wafer Preparation
28.5 Film Deposition
28.6 Oxidation
28.7 Lithography
28.8 Etching
28.9 Diffusion and Ion Implantation
28.10 Metallization and Testing
28.11 Wire Bonding and Packaging
28.12 Yield and Reliability
28.13 Printed Circuit Boards

29 - Fabrication of Microelectromechanical Devices and
       Systems and Nanoscale Manufacturing

29.1 Introduction
29.2 Micromachining of MEMS Devices
29.3 The LIGA Microfabrication of Devices
29.4 Solid Free-from Fabrication of Devices
29.5 Nanoscale Manufacturing

Part 6 : Joining Processes and Equipment

30 - Fushion-Welding Processes

30.1 Introduction
30.2 Oxyfuel-Gas Welding
30.3 Arc-Welding Processes : Nanoconsumable Electrode
30.4 Arc-Welding Processes : Consumable Electrode
30.5 Electrodes for Arc Welding
30.6 Electron-Beam Welding
30.7 Laser-Beam Welding
30.8 Cutting
30.9 The Weld Joint, Quality, and Testing
30.10 Joint Design and Process Selection

31 - Solid-State Welding Processes
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Cold Welding and Rolling Bonding
31.3 Ultrasonic Welding
31.4 Friction Welding
31.5 Resistance Welding
31.6 Explosion Welding
31.7 Diffusion Bonding
31.8 Economics of Welding Operations

32 - Brazing, Soldering, Adhesive-Bonding, and
       Mechanical-Fastening Processes

32.1 Introduction
32.2 Brazing
32.3 Soldering
32.4 Adhesive Bonding
32.5 Mechanical Fastening
32.6 Joining Plastics, Ceramics, and Glasses
32.7 Economics of Joining Operaitons

Part 7 : Surface Technology

33 - Surface Roughness and Measurement; Friction,
       Wear, and Lubrication

33.1 Introduction
33.2 Surface Structure and Integrity
33.3 Surface Texture and Roughness
33.4 Friction
33.5 Wear
33.6 Lubrication
33.7 Metalworking Fluids and Their Selection

34 - Surface Treatments, Coatings, and Cleaning

34.1 Introduction
34.2 Mechanical Surface Treatments
34.3 Mechanical Plating and Cladding
34.4 Case Hardening and Hard Facing
34.5 Thermal Spraying
34.6 Vapor Deposition
34.7 Ion Implantation and Diffusion Coating
34.8 Laser Treatments
34.9 Electroplating, Electroless Plating, and Electroforming
34.10  Conversion Coatings
34.11 Hot Dipping
34.12 Porcelain Enameling; Ceramic and Organic Coatings
34.13 Diamond Coating and Diamondlike Carbon
34.14 Surface Texturing
34.15 Painting
34.16 Cleaning of Surfaces

Part 8 : Engineering Metrology Instrumentation, and
            Quality Assurance

35 - Engineering Metrology and Instrumentation

35.1 Introduction
35.2 Measurement Standards
35.3 Geometric Features of Parts; Analog and Digital Measurements
35.4 Traditional Measuring Methods and Instruments
35.5 Modern Measuring Instrements and Machines
35.6 Automated Measurement and Inspection
35.7 General Characteristics and Selection of Measuring Instruments
35.8 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing

0.1 What is Manufacturing ??

Manufacturing is the backbone of any industrialized nation. Its importance is emphasized by the
fact that,as an economic activity. Generally, the higher the level of manufacturing activity in a
country, the higher the standard of living of its people. The manufacturing is derived from the Latin manu factus, meaning made by hand. 





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