0 - Contents

Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG Roadster


Contents :

1 - Engine Types and Their Operation

1.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective
1.2 Engine Classifications
1.3 Engine Operating Cycles
1.4 Engine Components
1.5 Spark-Ignition Engine Operation
1.6 Examples of Spark-Ignition Engines
1.7 Compression-Ignition Engine Operation
1.8 Examples of Diesel Engines
1.9 Stratified-Charge Engines

2 - Engine Design and Operating Parameters

2.1 Important Engine Characteristics
2.2 Geometrical Properties of Reciprocating Engines
2.3 Brake Torque and Power
2.4 Indicated Work Per Cycle
2.5 Mechanical Efficiency
2.6 Road-Load Power
2.7 Mean Effective Pressure
2.8 Specific Fuel Consumption and Efficiency
2.9 Air/Fuel and Fuel/Air Ratios
2.10 Volumetric Efficiency
2.11 Engine Specific Weight and Specific Volume
2.12 Correction Factors for Power and Volumetric Efficiency
2.13 Specific Emissions and Emissions Index
2.14 Relationships between Performance Parameters
2.15 Engine Design and Performance Data

3 - Thermochemistry of Fuel-Air Mixtures

3.1 Characterization of Flames
3.2 Idea Gas Model
3.3 Composition of Air and Fuels
3.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics and Combustion
3.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics and Combustion

• 3.5.1 Energy and Enthalpy Balances
• 3.5.2 Enthalpies of Formation
• 3.5.3 Heating Value
• 3.5.4 Adiabatic Combustion Processes
• 3.5.5 Combustion Efficiency of an Internal Combustion Engine

3.6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics Applied to Combustion Engine

• 3.6.1 Entropy
• 3.6.2 Maximum Work from an Internal Combustion Engine and Efficiency

3.7 Chemically Reacting Gas Mixtures

• 3.7.1 Chemical Equilibrium
•  3.7.2 Chemical Reaction Rates

4 - Properties of Working Fluids

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Unburned Mixture Composition
4.3 Gas Property Relationships
4.4 A Simple Analytic Ideal Gas Model
4.5 Thermodynamic Charts

• 4.5.1 Unburned Mixture Charts
•  4.5.2 Burned Mixture Charts
• 4.5.3 Relation between Unburned and Burned Mixture Charts

4.6 Tables of Properties and Composition
4.7 Computer Routines for Property and Composition Calculations

• 4.7.1 Unburned Mixtures
•  4.7.2 Burned Mixtures

4.8 Transport Properties
4.9 Exhaust Gas Composition

• 4.9.1 Species Concentration Data
•  4.9.2 Equivalence Ratio Determination from Exhaust Gas Constitutes
• 4.9.3 Effects of Fuel/Air Ratio Nonuniformity
• 4.9.4 Combustion Inefficiency

5 - Idea Model of Engine Cycles

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Ideal Models of Engine Processes
5.3 Thermodynamics Relations for Engine Processes
5.4 Cycle Analysis with Ideal Gas Working Fluid with Cv and Cp

• 5.4.1 Constant-Volume Cycle
•  5.4.2 Limited and Constant-Pressure Cycles
• 5.4.3 Cycle Comparison

5.5 Fuel-Air Cycle Analysis

• 5.5.1 SI Engine Cycle Simulation
•  5.5.2 CI Engine Cycle Simulation
• 5.5.3 Results of Cycle Calculations

5.6 Overexpanded Engine Cycles
5.7 Availability Analysis of Engine Processes

• 5.7.1 Availability Relationships
• 5.7.2 Entropy Changes in Ideal Cycles
• 5.7.3 Availability Analysis of Ideal Cycles
• 5.7.4 Effect of Equivalence Ratio

5.8 Comparison with Real Engine Cycles

6 - Gas Exchange Processes

6.1 Inlet and Exhaust Processes in the Four-Stroke Cycle
6.2 Volumetric Efficiency

• 6.2.1 Quasi-Static Effects
• 6.2.2 Combined Quasi-Static and Dynamic Effects
• 6.2.3 Variation with Speed, and Valve Area, Lift, and Timing

6.3 From Through Valves

• 6.3.1 Poppet Valve Geometry and Timing
• 6.3.2 Flow Rate and Discharge Coefficients

6.4 Residual Gas Fraction
6.5 Exhaust Gas Flow Rate and Temperature Variation
6.6 Scavenging in Two-Stroke Cycle Engines

• 6.6.1 Two-Stroke Engine Configurations
• 6.6.2 Scavenging Parameters and Models
• 6.6.3 Actual Scavenging Processes

6.7 Flow Through Ports
6.8 Supercharging and Turbocharging

• 6.8.1 Methods of Power Boosting
• 6.8.2 Basic Relationships
• 6.8.3 Compressors
• 6.8.4 Turbines
• 6.8.5 Wave-Compression Devices

7 - SI Engine Fuel Metering and Manifold Phenomena

7.1 Spark-Ignition Engine Mixture Requirements
7.2 Carburetors

• 7.2.1 Carburetor Fundamentals
• 7.2.2 Modern Carburetor Design

7.3 Fuel-Injection Systems

• 7.3.1 Multi-point Port Injection
•  7.3.2 Single-Point Throttle-Body Injection

7.4 Feedback Systems
7.5 Flow Past Throttle Plate
7.6 Flow in Intake Manifolds

• 7.6.1 Design Requirements
• 7.6.2 Air-Flow Phenomena
• 7.6.3 Fuel-Flow Phenomena

8 - Charge Motion within the Cylinder

8.1 Intake Jet Flow
8.2 Mean Velocity and Turbulence Characteristics

• 8.2.1 Definitions
• 8.2.2 Application to Engine Velocity Data

8.3 Swirl

• 8.3.1 Swirl Measurement
• 8.3.2 Swirl Generation during Induction
• 8.3.3 Swirl Modification within the Cylinder

8.4 Squish
8.5 Pre-chamber Engine Flows
8.6 Crevice Flows and Blowby
8.7 Flows Generated by Piston-Cylinder Wall Interaction

9 - Combustion in Spark-Ignition Engines

9.1 Essential Feature of Process
9.2 Thermodynamics Analysis of SI Engine Combustion

• 9.2.1 Burned and Unburned Mixture States
• 9.2.2 Analysis of Cylinder Pressure Data
• 9.2.3 Combustion Process Characterization

9.3 Flames Structure and Speed

• 9.3.1 Experimental Observations
• 9.3.2 Flame Structure
• 9.3.3 Laminar Burning Speeds
• 9.3.4 Flame Propagation Relations

9.4 Cyclic Variations in Combustion, Partial Burning, and Misfire

• 9.4.1 Observations and Definitions
• 9.4.2 Causes of Cycle-by-Cycle and Cylinder-to-Cylinder Variations
• 9.4.3 Partial Burning, Misfire, and Engine Stability

9.5 Spark Ignition

• 9.5.1 Ignition Fundamentals
• 9.5.2 Conventional Ignition Systems
• 9.5.3 Alternative Ignition Approaches

9.6 Abnormal Combustion : Knock and Surface Ignition

• 9.6.1 Description of Phenomena
• 9.6.2 Knock Fundamentals
• 9.6.3 Fuel Factors

10 - Combustion in Compression-Ignition Engines

10.1 Essential Features of Process
10.2 Types of Diesel Combustion Systems

• 10.2.1 Direct-Injection Systems
• 10.2.2 Indirect-Injection Systems
• 10.2.3 Comparison of Different Combustion Systems

10.3 Phenomenological Model of Compression-Ignition Engine Combustion

• 10.3.1 Photographic Studies of Engine Combustion
• 10.3.2 Combustion in Direct-Injection, Multi-spray Systems
• 10.3.3 Application of Model to Other Combustion Systems

10.4 Analysis of Cylinder Pressure Data

• 10.4.1 Combustion Efficiency
• 10.4.2 Direction-Injection Engines
• 10.4.3 Indirect-Injection Engines

10.5 Fuel Spray Behavior

• 10.5.1 Fuel Injection 
• 10.5.2 Overall Spray Structure
• 10.5.3 Atomization
• 10.5.4 Spray Penetration
• 10.5.5 Droplet Size Distribution
• 10.5.6 Spray Evaporation

10.6 Ignition Delay

• 10.6.1 Definition and Discussion
• 10.6.2 Fuel Ignition Quality
• 10.6.3 Autoignition Fundamentals
• 10.6.4 Physical Factors Affecting Delay
• 10.6.5 Effect of Fuel Properties
• 10.6.6 Correlations for Ignition Delay in Engines

10.7 Mixing-Controlles Combustion

• 10.7.1 Background
• 10.7.2 Spray and Flames Structure
• 10.7.3 Fuel-Air Mixing and Burning Rates

11 - Pollutant Formation and Control

11.1 Nature and Extent of Problem
11.2 Nitrogen Oxides

• 11.2.1 Kinetics of NO Formation
• 11.2.2 Formation of NO2
• 11.2.3 NO Formation in Spark-Ignition Engines
• 11.2.4 NOx Formation in Compression-Ignition Engines

11.3 Carbon Monoxide
11.4 Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions

• 11.4.1 Background 
• 11.4.2 Flame Quenching and Oxidation Fundamentals
• 11.4.3 HC Emissions from Spark-Ignition Engines
• 11.4.4 Hydrocarbon Emission Mechanisms in Diesel Engines

11.5 Particular Emissions

• 11.5.1 Spark-Ignition Engine Particulates
• 11.5.2 Characteristics of Diesel Particulates
• 11.5.3 Particulate Distribution within the Cylinder
• 11.5.4 Shoot Formation Fundamentals
• 11.5.5 Shoot Oxidation
• 11.5.6 Adsorption and Condensation

11.6 Exhaust Gas Treatment

• 11.6.1 Available Options
• 11.6.2 Catalytic Converters
• 11.6.3 Thermal Reactors
• 11.6.4 Particulate Traps

12 - Engine Heat Transfer

12.1 Importance of Heat Transfer
12.2 Modes of Heat Transfer

• 12.2.1 Conduction
• 12.2.2 Convection
• 12.2.3 Radiation
• 12.2.4 Overall Heat-Transfer Process

12.3 Heat Transfer and Engine Energy Balance
12.4 Convective Heat Transfer

• 12.4.1 Dimension Analysis
• 12.4.2 Correlations for Time-Advanced Heat Flux
• 12.4.3 Correlations for Instantaneous Spatial Average Coefficient
• 12.4.4 Correlations for In Instantaneous Local Coefficients
• 12.4.5 Intake and Exhaust System Heat Transfer

12.5 Radiative Heat Transfer

• 12.5.1 Radiation from Gases
• 12.5.2 Flame from Gases
• 12.5.3 Prediction Formulas

12.6 Measurements of Instantaneous Heat-Transfer Rates

• 12.6.1 Measurement Methods
• 12.6.2 Spark-Ignition Engine Measuremnts
• 12.6.3 Diesel Engine Measurements
• 12.6.4 Evaluation of Heat-Transfer Correlations
• 16.6.5 Boundary-Layer Behavior

12.7 Thermal Loading and Component Temperatures

• 12.7.1 Component Temperature Distributions
• 12.7.2 Effect of Engine Variables

13 - Engine Friction and Lubrication

13.1 Background
13.2 Definitions
13.3 Friction Fundamentals

• 13.3.1 Lubricated Friction
• 13.3.2 Turbulent Dissipation
• 13.3.3 Total Friction

13.4 Measurement Methods
13.5 Engine Friction Data

• 13.5.1 SI Engines
• 13.5.2 Diesel Engines

13.6 Engine Friction Components

• 13.6.1 Motored Engine Breakdown Tests
• 13.6.2 Pumping Friction
• 13.6.3 Piston Assembly Friction 
• 13.6.4 Crankshaft Bearing Friction
•  13.6.5 Valve Train Friction

13.7 Accessory Power Requirements
13.8 Lubrication

• 13.8.1 Lubrication System
• 13.8.2 Lubricant Requirements

14 - Modeling Real Engine Flow and Combustion Processes

14.1 Purpose and Classification of Models
14.2 Governing Equations for Open Thermodynamics System

• 14.2.1 Conservation of Mass
• 14.2.2 Conservation of Energy

14.3 Intake and Exhaust Flow Models

• 14.3.1 Background
• 14.3.2 Quasi-Steady Flow Models
• 14.3.3 Filling and Emptying Methods
• 14.3.4 Gas Dynamics Models

14.4 Thermodynamics-Based In-Cylinder Models

• 14.4.1 Background and Overall Model Structure 
• 14.4.2 Spark-Ignition Engine Models
• 14.4.3 Direct-Injection Engine Models
• 14.4.4 Prechamber Engine Models
• 14.4.5 Multicylinder and Complex Engine System Models
• 14.4.6 Second Law Analysis of Engine Processes

14.5 Fluid-Mechanic-Based Multidimensional Equations

• 14.5.1 Basic Approach and Governing Equations
• 14.5.2 Turbulence Models
• 14.5.3 Numerical Methodology
• 14.5.4 Flow Field Predictions
• 14.5.5 Fuel Spray Modeling
• 14.5.6 Combustion Modeling

15 - Engine Operating Characteristics

15.1 Engine Performance Parameters
15.2 Indicted and Brake Power and MEP
15.3 Operating Variables That Affect SI Engine Performance, Efficiency, and Emissions

• 15.3.1 Spark Timing
• 15.3.2 Mixture Composition
• 15.3.3 Load and Speed
• 15.3.4 Compression Ratio

15.4 SI Engine Combustion Chamber Design

• 15.4.1 Design Objective and Options
• 15.4.2 Factors That Control Combustion
• 15.4.3 Factors That Control Performance
• 15.4.4 Chamber Octane Requirement 
• 15.4.5 Chamber Optimization Strategy

15.5 Variables That Affect CI Engine Performance, Efficiency, and Emissions

• 15.5.1 Load and Speed 
• 15.5.2 Fuel-Injection
• 15.5.3 Air Swirl and Bowl-in-Piston Design

15.6 Supercharged and Turbocharged Engine Performance

• 15.6.1 Four-Stroke Cycle SI Engines
• 15.6.2 Four-Stroke Cycle CI Engines
• 15.6.3 Two-Stroke Cycle SI Engines
• 15.6.4 Two-Stroke Cycle CI Engines

Preface :

Internal combustion engines date back to 1876 Otto first developed the spark-ignition engine and 1892 when Diesel invent the compression-ignition engine. The emphasis here is on the thermodynamics, combustion physics and chemistry, fluid flow, heat transfer, friction, and lubrication processes relevant to internal combustion engine design, performance, efficiency,
emissions, and fuels requirements.